The original outline without relations

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  1. Metaphysics
    1. Nature
    2. Fiction
    3. Motion
    4. Time
    5. Causality
    6. Religion
      1. Explanation of religion
      2. Arguments against religion per se
      3. The concept of God
        1. The naturalness of the concept of God
        2. God’s conceivability
        3. Man’s relationship with God
        4. God personified
      4. Theism
        1. The origin of the belief in God
        2. Arguments for the existence of God
          1. What is the best argument for the existence of God?
          2. The ontological argument
          3. The cosmological argument
      5. Issues in philosophy of religion
        1. Freedom and predestination (or foreknowledge)
    7. Life
  2. Human Nature
    1. Methodology of psychology
    2. What is human nature?
      1. What distinguishes human beings from animals?
      2. Persons
    3. The mind-body problem
      1. Immaterial soul or mind
      2. Materialism
      3. Behaviorism
    4. Origin of ideas or mental content
      1. Empiricism
      2. Innate ideas
    5. The mental faculties
      1. Perception
        1. Aristotle’s theory of perception
        2. Representationalism
        3. After-images
      2. Imagination
      3. Memory
        1. Experience (body of)
      4. Conception
      5. Thinking (train of thought)
        1. Mental searching
        2. Deliberation, or deciding
        3. Judgment and doubt
      6. Dreaming
      7. Emotion in general
        1. Desire (or appetite) and aversion
          1. Inborn vs. learned
          2. The objects of desire
          3. Subjective goodness as desire satisfaction
        2. Typology of emotions
          1. Hope and despair
            1. Self-confidence
          2. Fear and courage
            1. Religious feeling and superstition
            2. Anxiety
          3. Anger
            1. Indignation
          4. Charity and good nature
          5. Greed
          6. Pusillanimity
          7. Vengefulness
          8. Curiosity
          9. Love and hate
          10. Neutrality, or Hobbesian “contempt”
            1. Magnanimity
              1. Fortitude
              2. Liberality
            2. Disrespect, or impudence
            3. Cruelty
          11. Pleasure and displeasure (or pain)
            1. Admiration
            2. Glory and vanity
              1. Laughter
            3. Grief or dejection
              1. Weeping
              2. Shame
              3. Pity and compassion
              4. Emulation and envy
      8. Insanity (or “madness”)
        1. Causes of insanity
        2. Rage
          1. The madness of crowds
        3. Depression
        4. Academic nonsense as a kind of insanity
    6. Action
      1. Action
      2. Power
      3. Freedom, or free will
        1. Freedom and determinism
          1. Compatibilism
      4. Will
        1. Motivation
          1. The fundamental motives
          2. Psychological egoism
    7. Social psychology
      1. Social inquiry
        1. Understanding
        2. Heresy
        3. Belief based on testimony
      2. Social emotions
        1. Love (of persons)
          1. Kindness
          2. Lust
          3. Passionate love
          4. Jealousy
        2. Honoring
          1. How to honor
        3. Panic
      3. Social action and motives
        1. The nature of collective action
        2. Ignorance and conformism
        3. Charity and obligation
        4. Harm and revenge
        5. Competition
        6. Ambition
    8. The natural condition of mankind
      1. Natural faculties
      2. Natural equality
      3. Social relations in the state of nature
        1. The state of nature is a state of war
        2. Objection: the state of nature is a fiction
  3. Philosophy of Language
    1. Sign
    2. Language
      1. The functions of language
        1. Speech acts and moods
          1. Imperatives
            1. Commands
            2. Advice, or counsel
              1. Exhortation
            3. The difference between command and counsel
    3. Words
    4. Meaning
      1. Meaningfulness (cognitive significance)
      2. Meaninglessness (nonsense)
      3. Extension
    5. Understanding language
      1. Misunderstanding
    6. Metaphor
    7. Generalizations
    8. Reasoning
    9. Truth
  4. Epistemology
    1. Knowledge
      1. Social knowledge
      2. Expertise
    2. Induction
      1. Explanation
      2. Prediction
    3. Skepticism
      1. The difficulty of distinguish dreaming and waking
    4. Other minds
  5. Methodology
    1. The motives of inquiry
    2. The ends of inquiry
    3. Exact science
      1. The classification of the sciences
    4. The results (or typical features of) inquiry
    5. Methodological advice
      1. Error
        1. Explanation of error
        2. How to avoid error
    6. Disagreement
    7. Primitive mistakes
      1. Ignorance
      2. Anthropomorphism
      3. Superstition
  6. Ethics
    1. Theory of value
      1. Concepts of value
        1. The highest good
      2. Theories of value
        1. Subjective or apparent goodness
      3. Goods, or valuable things
        1. The value of human life
          1. Dignity
        2. Happiness as a good
          1. Felicity or Eudaimonia
        3. Valuable personal qualities (not necessarily virtues)
          1. Honorability
            1. What is honorable
          2. Usefulness, or worthiness
        4. Intention, its value or morality
    2. Theory of obligation
      1. Ought implies can
      2. Moral principles or laws
        1. The Golden Rule
        2. Natural law
          1. The sense in which natural law is law
          2. The obligation attaching to natural law
          3. Formulations of the fundamental laws of nature
          4. The motivation to follow natural law
        3. Sin
      3. Rights
        1. Rights in the state of nature
        2. Natural rights
          1. Formulations of natural rights
        3. Renunciation and transference of rights
      4. Desert
      5. Contract or agreement
        1. Promise
          1. Oaths
        2. The conditions of contract
        3. The motivations to keep agreements
        4. Unenforceable contracts and contracts in the state of nature
        5. End or dissolution of contract
        6. The morality of keeping contracts or agreements
    3. The virtues and vices
      1. Criticisms of virtue theory
      2. Intellectual (mental) virtues and vices
        1. Good and bad thoughts
        2. Wisdom
          1. Prudence, or practical wisdom
            1. Craftiness
          2. Pedantry
          3. Intellectual wisdom; rationality as virtue
        3. Discretion
      3. Moral virtues
        1. Individual virtues
        2. Peacefulness
        3. Tolerance
        4. Honesty
        5. Forgiveness
        6. Mercy
        7. Kindness
        8. Modesty
        9. Fairness
        10. Gratitude
        11. Frugality
      4. Justice
        1. The justice of persons
        2. The justice of actions
          1. Commutative justice
          2. Distributive justice (equity)
        3. Justice in the state of nature
        4. Why be just? The problem of the fool
    4. Issues in ethics
      1. The ethics of speech
        1. The ethics of persuasive speech
        2. The ethics of advice or counsel
          1. The ethics of giving advice or counsel
          2. The ethics of receiving advice or counsel
  7. Political Philosophy
  8. Law
    1. The definition of law
      1. The source and conditions of law (aspects of the definition)
        1. The state or sovereign as source of law
        2. Custom as source of law
        3. The law of nature as a source of (civil) law
        4. Promulgation as a necessary condition of (civil) law
      2. Classification of law, or types of law
        1. The Justinian Code’s typology
        2. Criminal and civil law
        3. Divine and human law
        4. Essential (or fundamental) and inessential laws
      3. The interpretation of law
        1. Determined by legislative intent
        2. Determined by the sovereign’s intent
        3. Determined by courts (judges and juries)
          1. Characteristics of good judges
          2. Stare decisis, or whether judicial decisions should be constrained by natural law or equity over precedent
          3. Jury nullification
        4. Determined by the text of written law
        5. Determined by moral philosophy
        6. Determined by legal commentaries
    2. Divine law
      1. How to determine that divine law really is from God
      2. Divine punishment
    3. The purpose or function of law
    4. The scope of the law
    5. Crime and punishment
      1. Definition of crime
      2. The conditions of crime
        1. Nulla crimen sine lege (no crime without a law)
        2. No crime without a State
        3. The influence of corruption on what is considered criminal
        4. Legal excuses
        5. Extenuating circumstances and severity of offense
          1. Mental states as determining the severity of the offense
            1. The severity of lawbreaking done from ignorance
            2. The severity of lawbreaking done based on teaching or guidance from another
            3. The severity of crimes of passion
          2. Societal or cultural states as determining the severity of the offense
            1. The severity of lawbreaking done when the offense is unenforced or not often punished
            2. The severity of breaking laws when such lawbreaking is “tacitly approved” by the lawmaker
            3. The severity of lawbreaking in legally well-informed societies
          3. The consequences of the crime as determining the severity of the offense
          4. The nature of the entity harmed as determining the severity of the offense
      3. The causes of crime
        1. Individual mental states as a cause of crime
          1. Ignorance as a cause of crime
          2. Error of belief or reasoning as a cause of crime
          3. The emotions or passions as a cause of crime
        2. The causes of law-abiding behavior
      4. Punishment
        1. The source of the authorization for punishment
        2. The purposes of punishment
        3. Conditions of punishment
          1. Harm necessary for punishment
          2. Public authority necessary for punishment
          3. Existing law necessary for punishment
          4. Subjecthood necessary for punishment
          5. Actual guilt necessary for punishment
          6. Guilty verdict necessary for punishment
        4. Types of punishment
          1. Corporal punishment
            1. Capital punishment
          2. Fines and other pecuniary punishment
          3. Shaming, humiliation, or degradation as punishment
          4. Imprisonment
          5. Exile
        5. Sentencing
          1. Mandatory sentencing
          2. Equality and difference in sentencing
      5. Unenforced laws
    6. Legal personhood
      1. Proxies (or “artificial persons”)
        1. That for which one can and cannot be a proxy
        2. The obligatoriness of agreements made by proxy
        3. Legal guardians
    7. Civil liberties and civil rights
      1. Liberty, what
      2. The extent of civil liberty
      3. The right against self-destruction
      4. The right against self-incrimination
      5. The right to refuse to fight in war
      6. The right of appeal to legal authority
      7. The right to property
        1. Property, what
        2. The conditions of property
        3. The origin of property
        4. Transfer of property
      8. The right to free speech
    8. Civil duties
      1. The extent of civil duties
      2. Enumerated civil duties
        1. The obligation to follow the law
          1. Civil disobedience, whether and when justified
        2. The duty to fight for one’s country
        3. The duty not to resist State agents
    9. Social groups or organizations
      1. Etiology of socio-political relations
        1. Power (social)
          1. The sources of social power
        2. The causes of obedience
        3. The causes of conflict
        4. The causes of victory
      2. Types and general characteristics of social organizations
        1. On advice or counsel given to social organizations
        2. The lawfulness of private organizations
        3. Socio-political representation
        4. Private organizations for self-defense
      3. The family or household
        1. The authority of parents over children
        2. The authority of masters over “servants” or slaves
      4. Business
        1. The governance of business
        2. Business debts
        3. Monopolies
          1. The evaluation of monopolies
    10. The State
      1. The goal and functions of the State
        1. The size of the State
          1. Anarchy
            1. Desirability of anarchy
          2. Minimal States
        2. The justification of the State
          1. Social contract theory
            1. Whether the State is party to the contract
            2. Whether the contract is binding on dissenters
        3. The functions of the State
          1. Ministerial or delegated powers, in general
          2. Establishing law
            1. Establishing property law
          3. Adjudication
            1. Courts
            2. Appeal
          4. Keeping the peace
          5. Censorship
          6. Foreign affairs
            1. War and peace
            2. Diplomatic functions
            3. Espionage
          7. Appointing state officials
          8. Awarding state honors
          9. Counsel, advice, or research
          10. Public property
          11. Money
        4. Charters or constitutions
      2. Political power, or sovereignty
        1. How political power or sovereignty is obtained
          1. How sovereignty is attained through birth
          2. The rights attaching to conquest
        2. Distribution of State powers
        3. The degree of political power
          1. Absolutism
          2. The relationship between the sovereign and the law
        4. The conditions of political power or sovereignty
        5. The continuity of the State
          1. The right of succession in monarchies
        6. The freedom or independence of States
      3. Injustice in and rebellion against the State
        1. Justice and injustice of the State
          1. Punishment of state officials
        2. Rebellion
          1. Whether rebellion is ever justified
          2. Government obligations to rebels
      4. Forms of government/types of State
        1. Monarchy
        2. Representative democracy
          1. Representative political bodies
            1. The nature and scope of the power of assemblies, or representative bodies
          2. Difficulties with representative bodies
            1. Factionalism
            2. Inability to arrive at good judgment
          3. The responsibilities of individual representatives
          4. The adjudication of disputes between members and assemblies
      5. The State and religion
    11. International relations and law
      1. The legal status of foreigners
      2. Colonies and imperialism
      3. War
        1. The law of war
          1. Granting quarter
          2. Harming of innocents
        2. Peace
      4. International trade
        1. Who should manage trade?
        2. The role of trade in statecraft
          1. Currency
  9. Philosophy of Education
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